Day#53 Static Quiz Revision [70 Days WAR Plan]

Solution:

• The Shramana movement was a Non-Vedic movement parallel to Vedic Hinduism in ancient India.
• The Shramana tradition gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.
• The Shramanas adopted a path that is alternate to the Vedic rituals to achieve salvation, while renouncing domestic life.

Enrich Your Learning:

• Shramana means “seeker, one who performs acts of austerity, ascetic”.
• A Shramana is a wandering monk in certain austere traditions of ancient India, including Jainism, Buddhism, and ajvika religion.
• The Shramana tradition was responsible for the related concepts of saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle).
• The Shramanas typically engaged three types of activities like austerities, meditation, and associated theories.
• Śramaṇas held a view of samsara as full of suffering (Dukka). They practiced Ahimsa and rigorous ascetism. They believed in Karma and Moksa and viewed rebirth as undesirable.

The basis beliefs of Shramana philosophy are as follows –

• “Belief in Karma and rebirth, and Samsara and transmigration of Soul”
• “Denunciation of creator and omnipotent God”
• “Rejection of Vedas as revealed texts”
• “Belief in purification of soul to attain moksa through Ahimsa, renunciation and austerities”
• “Rejection of caste system”
• “Denial of efficacy of sacrifices and rituals for purification”

Solution:

• The Chishti Order is a Sufi order within the mystic Sufi tradition of Islam.
• It began in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan about 930 CE.
• The Chishti Order is primarily followed in Afghanistan and Indian subcontinent.
• Moinuddin Chishti introduced the Chishti Order in Lahore (Punjab) and Ajmer (Rajasthan), sometime in the middle of the 12th century CE.
• The Chishti Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.
• The Chishti Order of Sufis was the first of the four main Sufi Orders, namely Chishtia, Qadiria, Suhurawadia and Naqshbandia, to be established in India.
• Unlike other Sufi orders, Chishti sect maintained distance with the ruling class, accepted the traditions of common men and gave them the message to lead a simple life.

Solution:

• Virashaivism, also known as Lingayatism, began as a reform movement in the twelfth century C.E. in Karnataka by Basavanna.
• Basavanna, though born a Brahmin, rebelled against the rigid practices of the caste system then prevalent, and eventually began expounding his own philosophy with a casteless society at its core.
• His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (wearers of the linga).
• Although Basavanna rejected the social caste system, he embraced the principle of Karma and reincarnation.
• Virshaivas believed in the theory of rebirth.
• They believe that on death the devotee will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world. Therefore, they ceremonially bury their dead instead of burning bodies on funeral pyre.
• The Lingayats also encouraged certain practices disapproved in the Dharmashastras, such as post-puberty marriage and the remarriage of widows.

Solution:

• Amīr Khusrau was a Sufi musician, poet and scholar. He is called the “Parrot of India”.
• He is reputed to have invented certain musical instruments like the sitar and tabla.
• He is also credited with introducing Persian, Arabic and Turkish elements into Indian classical music.
• He was the originator of the khayal and tarana styles of music.
• He is regarded as the “father of Qawwali” (a devotional music form of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent).
• He also introduced the ghazal style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.
• He introduced many Perso-Arabic airs (ragas), such as aiman, gora, sanam, etc.
• He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi. So, statement (3) is incorrect.
• He wrote a large number of poetical works, including historical romances.

Solution:

• Ibn batuta was a medieval Moroccan traveller and scholar.
• He is widely recognised as one of the greatest travellers of all time.
• He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in his Travels (Rihla).
• He wrote Rihala in Arabic about the socio-cultural life in the subcontinent in the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
• On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi, or judge, by Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq.

Solution:

• Rajya Sabha represents the federal principle in Indian polity. Normally, the Rajya Sabha is as powerful as the Lok Sabha when passing the legislations. A bill is required to pass through the Rajya Sabha for it to become a law.
• A bill cannot become an Act without the assent of the President.

Solution:

• General matters can be raised by any MP in the zero hour. So, the opposition is allowed to raise matters.
• Question hour is a very important way of controlling the executive by keeping them accountable for their deeds and misdeeds before the house.
• The proceedings of the Parliament begin with Question hour and zero hour follows it.

Solution:

• It need not be filed by the aggrieved party only.
• A PIL may be introduced in a court of law by the court itself (suo motu), rather than the aggrieved party or another third party. For the exercise of the court’s jurisdiction, it is not necessary for the victim of the violation of his or her rights to personally approach the court. In a PIL, the right to file suit is given to a member of the public through judicial activism. The member of the public may be a non-governmental organization (NGO), an institution or an individual.
• It was not mentioned in the constitution of India neither any law enacted by Parliament. It is a result of Judicial activism.

Solution:

Criminal Justice refers to the agencies of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal conduct.

The major steps in processing a criminal case are as follows:

1. Investigation of a crime by the police.
2. Arrest of a suspect by the police.
3. Prosecution of a criminal defendant by a district attorney.
4. Indictment by a grand jury or the filing of an information by a prosecutor.
5. Arraignment by a judge. Before the trial, the defendant appears in court and enters a plea.
6. Pretrial detention and/or bail. Detention refers to a period of temporary custody prior to trial. Bail is an amount of money paid by a defendant to ensure he or she will show up for a trial.
7. Plea bargaining between the defense attorney and the prosecutor.
8. Trial/adjudication of guilt by a judge or jury, with a prosecutor and a defense attorney participating.
9. Sentencing by a judge. If the accused is found guilty, a judge metes out a sentence. Possible sentences include a fine, probation, a period of incarceration in a correctional institution, such as a jail or prison, or some combination of supervision in the community and incarceration.
10. Appeals filed by attorneys in appellate courts and then ruled on by appellate judges.
11. Punishment and/or rehabilitation administered by local, state, or federal correctional authorities.

Solution:

• In recognition of this, the constitution provides religious and cultural rights to the minorities and provides for provisions which discriminate positively in favour of these minorities. For e.g. minority scholarships, govt. non-interference in minority run institutions etc.